pronouns are somewhat ambiguous in Isa 52:13–53:12, perhaps intentionally so.26 This method of participatory reference discourse analysis presents an alternative to viewing the pronouns as ambiguous, suggesting that in the final form of the text they serve as referential points to earlier thoughts and themes articulated by the speaker (who will also be called “the prophet” in this book). In this regard, the interpretation presented in this book will be based solely on the evidence present in the